Pastoralism and the Development of Civilization

Pastoralism refers to a stage in the development of civilization between hunting and agriculture and also to a way of life dependent on the herding of livestock, specifically, ungulates. The Steppes and the Near and Middle East are particularly associated with pastoralism, although mountainous regions and areas too cold for farming can also support pastoralism.  In the Steppes near Kiev, where the wild horse roamed, pastoralists used their knowledge of cattle herding to domesticate the horse. Lifestyle Pastoralists focus on raising livestock and tend to the care and use of animals such as camels, goats, cattle, yaks, llamas and sheep.  Animal species vary depending on where pastoralists live in the world; typically they are domesticated herbivores that eat plant foods. The two main lifestyles of pastoralism include nomadism and transhumance. The nomads practice a seasonal migratory pattern that changes annually, while transhumance pastoralists use a pattern to cool highland valleys in summer and warmer ones during the cold wintertime. Nomadism This form of subsistence agriculture, also known as farming to eat, is based on herding domesticated animals. Instead of depending on crops to survive, pastoral nomads primarily depend on animals that provide milk, clothing and tents.   Some key characteristics of pastoral nomads include: Pastoral nomads typically do not slaughter their animals but already dead ones may be used for food.Power and prestige are often symbolized by this cultures herd size.The type and number of animals are chosen in relation to local characteristics, such as climate and vegetation. Transhumance The movement of livestock for water and food encompasses transhumance. The core differentiator in regards to nomadism is that herders who are leading the flock must leave their family behind.  Their lifestyle is in harmony with nature, developing groups of people with the worlds ecosystem, embedding themselves in their environment and biodiversity. The main places you can find transhumance include Mediterranean locations such as Greece, Lebanon, and Turkey. Modern Pastoralism Today, most pastoralists live in Mongolia, parts of Central Asia and East African locations. Pastoral societies include groups of pastoralists who center their daily life around pastoralism through the tending of herds or flocks.  The benefits of pastoralism include flexibility, low costs and freedom of movement. Pastoralism has survived due to additional features including light regulatory environment and their work in regions that are not suited for agriculture. Quick Facts Over 22 million Africans depend on pastoralists for their livelihood today, in communities such as the Bedouins, Berbers, Somali and Turkana.There are over 300,000 cattle herders in Southern Kenya and 150,000 in Tanzania.Pastoralism societies can be drawn back to the time period 8500-6500 BC.Literary work involving shepherds and rustic life is known as pastoral which comes from the term pastor, Latin for a shepherd. SourceAndrew Sherratt Pastoralism The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. Brian M. Fagan, ed., Oxford University Press 1996. Oxford University Press.

Personally Identifiable Information Essay - 913 Words

Information gathering, through networking, social media, and both on and offline storage have made it easier to collect information about an individual than ever before, with many concerns having arisen over the years about privacy and the ability to protect that privacy. As debates over personally identifiable information continue, one cornerstone remains a constant, ethics. Ethics are defined as â€Å"the standard by which human actions can be judged right and wrong (Online, 2012)†, but even that can be debated when discussed within the realm of information technology. Have you ever been to an internet shopping site and â€Å"trusted† the secure connection? Essentially, you are entrusting an inanimate system developed by an individual or group†¦show more content†¦The first questions to ask when it comes to e-mail and websites at work is, â€Å"Am I being watched?† The answer is most likely yes. Employers have begun to watch their employeeâ€℠¢s activities with greater detail over the years. In 2001, CNN.com posted an article titled, Is your PC watching you? Find out!, which looked into this further. In this article â€Å"A study by the Privacy Foundation claims employers are monitoring the Internet and e-mail use of 14 million employees. (Articles.CNN, 2001)† While it can be assumed that number has grown over the last decade, it can also be said with certainty that measures have been put in place to ensure information transmitted via business internet connections have increased. The U.S. government, for example, has set up content filters and points of encryption to safeguard against system penetrations and intrusions. Although these measures are not practical for home use, limiting the information you supply to through the internet will help. One topic of contention that does not seem to have a resolution, however, is the subject of electronic medical records. The utilization of electronic medical records has been highly ethically debated. According the Journal of Information Systems Education, â€Å"Building knowledge and skills in biometrics creates a mutual understanding between IS professionals and health practitioners. (Cellucci, 2011)† Although the thought process is sound, theShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Personally Identifiable Information1649 Words   |  7 Pagesconcerned with how their Personally Identifiable Information (PII) is being used online. PII, as described in US privacy law and information security, is information that can be used on its own or with other information to identify, contact, or locate a single person, or to identify an individual in context. 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The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie free essay sample

Miss Jean has who is in her prime has an attraction to the married art master named Teddy Lloyd, in her affair with the single music master, Gordon Lowther she is still determined to make The Brodie girls the best they can be. This story is all about love and betrayel by none other than one her girls Sandy. In this story one of the biggest flash backs is under the Elm tree, the novel begins 6 years later with the girls using flashback to go into more detail about the school, girls and Miss Jean Brodie herself. This flashback helps us learn about Miss Jean Brodies teaching styles, she is described as the woman in her prime, a flamboyant woman with unorthodox methods. However Miss Brodie wants her girls to grow up and become individual rather than conform. and all my pupils are the creme de la cremeMiss Brodie herself is also a bit of an outsider as well to the school because of teaching methods. We will write a custom essay sample on The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This flashforward reveals that Miss Brodie is betrayed, but it does not give out information on who! Despite the flashforwards giving information to what happens in the future the author seems to keep that sense of mystery of what it yet to come in order to keep the reader reading but still in control. The structure here lets us flashbackwards and read on while we then flashforward with little information of what will happen, so we will read on the see the details of it and let our imaginations run wild of the all the possibilities of what is yet to happen. The flashforwards seem to very short, but still give good insight on what may just happen in the future. One flashforward happens to be about a young girl by the name of Mary McGregor. Mary is part of the Brodie set but is seen as the limp crazy girl of the set. She is victimised by not only the girls themselves but Miss Bordie herself! Along came Mary McGregor, the last member of the set, whose fame rested on being on her being a silent lump, a nobody whom everybody could blame However Mary believes that being part of set and being taught by Miss Brodie happened to be the best years of her life. It occured to her then that the first years with Miss Brodie, sitting listening to all those stories and opinions which had nothing to do with the ordinary world, had been the happiest time of her life in the flashforward we see that Mary is working in the Wrens, losing her lover and eventually dying in a fire that occurs in a hotel in Cumberland. Another flashforward in this story happens to be that Miss Brodie is betrayed by one of her own girls! Monical Douglas catches Mr. Lloyd kissing Miss Brodie in the art room; Miss Brodie and Mr. Lowther are absent from school for two weeks during which time they had become lovers. Only Monica and Sandy are aware of the kiss but decide they should keep to themselves. I know he had his arm round her and was kissing her Even thought Miss Brodie is in love with Mr. Lowther she still has an affair with Mr. Lloyd as well. The flashforward for this happens to reveal that Sandy happens to betray Miss Brodie to Miss Mackey, This decision was escalated by the death of Joyce Emily, who ran away to Spain to fight for Franco after listening to Miss Brodie, Sandy believes that Miss Brodie just uses people as she is thought as an arrogant, manipulative woman in Sandys eyes. This flashforward shows us how one of the Brodie set can go on from being heavily influenced by Miss Brodie to standing on her own two feet and thinking for herself and apposing to Miss Brodie. The flashforwards in this story help up get a general idea of how these characters change through the years and how they are lead to do betray or fight all because of the influence given by Miss Brodie. Overal The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie seems to be a successful story because of its flashbacks and flashforwards which help us see into the future, reflect back and yet keep the interest in reading to up to that one point we know little information about and look at how it all happens. We see that the twist in the story is the betrayal by one of Miss Brodies own girls, that after all the praise and glory given to Miss Brodie, shes seen as a critic who knows very little, doesnt care for the girls education and seems to be rather self rightious and manipulative.

Real Life Rounders Essays - Deception, Poker Strategy, Bluff, Poker

Real Life Rounders "No, I guess the ladies didn't help me. I flopped the nut straight." Yeah baby ? I won! It just so happened that this was the final game of cards for that particular evening ? always the highest paying jackpot. I sat in all my glory. The two queens in my hand that everyone had been fearing had meant nothing. The pair of "ladies" served as bait in one of the most grueling and mentally exhausting night of card playing in my life. My straight, a sequence of 5 cards in numerical order, will be remembered and duplicated for some time within the group of patrons that night. But it was not just mere lady luck by my side. I outsmarted or out-guessed my opposition. It was through a conditioning of memorizing facial and verbal expressions that I was able to earn quite a healthy sum that evening. On January 1, 2000, first day of the new millennium, and it was time once again for the annual "end of winter break" card game. This occurs when a small group of friends and neighbors that normally never see each other throughout the year get a chance to bond through a spirited night of playing poker. Among the eight players gathered around the table on this particular eve were my good friends Dave and Joe. It was every man for himself at the table, but on occasion, the three of us have been known to work together and then at the end of the night we would split out earnings. Minimum buy-in was a hundred dollars since this was a once a year special occasion for us. It was ten o'clock at night, and the game was under way. At first, we played some small money games just to feel out the competition. You can tell many things from the eyes of your opponent. During this stage, you would be examining who is working together, detecting others tendencies, and starting to counting cards. Usually the player(s) who win these games are the first ones out of money when the real games start. This is because this means that they are beginners, and lack of experience or inability to disguise a bluff later lead to the deflation of their over-confidence. By about two o'clock in the morning, the heavy bidding poker games begin. Now all your hard work begins to pay off, and the night really becomes fun. We had about five people left as the others had lost all their money at this time. As a tendency, we do not play just one style of game, but many different styles of poker. Cincinnati, Texas Hold ?em and Stud name just a few. The only notable difference in each type in the number and/or order in which you receive your cards. Each type brings out a new personality - and thus a foretelling mannerism - in each of my friends. Some become more aggressive while others become quiet and uncomfortable for each type of hand they are holding. For example, if Joe licks his upper lip or stares blankly off, he has a good hand and will bluff that he has a bad hand to get others to invest more of their money into the game. A technique that would not be something you could find in a reference novel but is considered unique to the opponent and situation. Meanwhile, there are usually all sorts of worthless bantering going on. This trash talking means absolutely nothing, yet can mean absolutely everything as it served a dual purpose. The first was to confuse the opponent either by making him or her lose count of the cards or by disguising your reaction to your own cards. The idea was to make no expression at all, hence the term "poker face". The second purpose was to intimidate the others by trying to psyche out the opponent - forcing them to play your game. A good irritant that works only if you are winning for the night but happen to lose one hand would be, "It doesn't matter, I'm just paying you with your own money anyway." Around four o'clock, we came across a high stakes game. The pot was up at around $280, and there four of us still left in that were going for it - Joe, Dave, one other, and myself. The other guy was drunk by this time and out of money; obviously, he was not a legitimate contender. Dave lit a cigarette,

Free Essays on Owain Glyndwr

Critically analyse the causes for the revolt of Owain Glyndwr in 1400 Prior to 1400 Owain had been having an ongoing dispute with the Lord Reginald Grey of Rhuthin, there had even been several representations to parliament in 1399 regarding the situation. However, they had been to no avail, as the lord Reginald was a close confidant of the king; Henry of Lancaster. The situation came to head at Evesham where the king had summoned a general muster before beginning his campaign against the Scot's. Owain's summons to attend the muster was entrusted to Lord Grey, which he withheld until it was too late for Owain to obey. When Owain heard that Henry had marched north for Scotland, so the fires of war had been prepared Mid-September 1400, the king marches for home from Scotland, Owain knowing he faced the possibility of death for treason; resolves to put and end to his dispute with Grey with an act of war. Having called for his family to meet at Sycarth, he sat in council prepared to hear their views. Among those gathered that fateful day of September 16th 1400 were his sons, his wife's brothers and the Dean of St Asaph cathedral. From early dawn that morning the pro's and con's of declaring war were debated, then as a cock crowed heralding the noon of the day so a cousin of Owain's drew forth his sword, swearing fealty he called out for the Lord of Glyn Dyfrdwy to become Prince of Wales. All that were there that day so proclaimed, so the die was cast and the fires of war were lit. Within hours the assembled host had armed themselves and then set out to right what Owain considered to be the wrong doings of Lord Grey. September 18th, Owain and his men attack Grey's castle of Ruthin, but find that the castle is well defended: he and his men are repelled. In frustration the little town lying in the lee of the castle's walls is fired. It was while marching north, down the vale of the Clwyd, away from the castle and town. As to the camp... Free Essays on Owain Glyndwr Free Essays on Owain Glyndwr Critically analyse the causes for the revolt of Owain Glyndwr in 1400 Prior to 1400 Owain had been having an ongoing dispute with the Lord Reginald Grey of Rhuthin, there had even been several representations to parliament in 1399 regarding the situation. However, they had been to no avail, as the lord Reginald was a close confidant of the king; Henry of Lancaster. The situation came to head at Evesham where the king had summoned a general muster before beginning his campaign against the Scot's. Owain's summons to attend the muster was entrusted to Lord Grey, which he withheld until it was too late for Owain to obey. When Owain heard that Henry had marched north for Scotland, so the fires of war had been prepared Mid-September 1400, the king marches for home from Scotland, Owain knowing he faced the possibility of death for treason; resolves to put and end to his dispute with Grey with an act of war. Having called for his family to meet at Sycarth, he sat in council prepared to hear their views. Among those gathered that fateful day of September 16th 1400 were his sons, his wife's brothers and the Dean of St Asaph cathedral. From early dawn that morning the pro's and con's of declaring war were debated, then as a cock crowed heralding the noon of the day so a cousin of Owain's drew forth his sword, swearing fealty he called out for the Lord of Glyn Dyfrdwy to become Prince of Wales. All that were there that day so proclaimed, so the die was cast and the fires of war were lit. Within hours the assembled host had armed themselves and then set out to right what Owain considered to be the wrong doings of Lord Grey. September 18th, Owain and his men attack Grey's castle of Ruthin, but find that the castle is well defended: he and his men are repelled. In frustration the little town lying in the lee of the castle's walls is fired. It was while marching north, down the vale of the Clwyd, away from the castle and town. As to the camp...

How To Prioritize Your Marketing Projects For Huge Growth [PODCAST]

How To Prioritize Your Marketing Projects For Huge Growth [PODCAST] How do you decide what marketing idea is worth your time to work on? When working in a team, ideas seem to come from everywhere: Your sales team, product engineers, customer success folks, and yourself! My guest today is CEO and Founder of Baremetrics, Josh Pigford, and he’s here to answer that question. Baremetrics is a revenue and subscription analytics tool that enables companies and marketers to make informed decisions about their marketing strategies. Josh has developed a unique ranking system to score marketing ideas based on project qualities, and his team uses that to decide which projects the company should focus on. Today, Josh teaches us how to prioritize marketing ideas and shares the process Baremetrics uses behind the scenes that helps them focus  on the most effective projects. Some of the topics on today’s episode include: Prioritizing marketing projects with limited resources Josh’s process for coming up with marketing ideas The â€Å"Bulls-Eye framework† for idea prioritization Scoring ideas based on project qualities Josh’s method for testing ideas

A Socitey that Slipped Like the Wind Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

A Socitey that Slipped Like the Wind - Essay Example Almost over two centuries these people were being tortured, brutalized, tormented and murdered by the intruders but finally they started to realize that they also have individual entity and they are not like the beasts as they are treated by the ‘white rulers.’ These people started claiming their rights and equality in the society just same as the white people. However, just the moment these downtrodden people started to express their feeling, it immediately created a great deal of impact over the sense of superiority of the white people the rate of oppression as well as inflicting torture also increased. It is during the time of 1820s that the so-called slaves were rising against the arbitrary ruling system of the white people. Clearly, America during this time was divided between two clear sections the North and the South. People residing at the North, were mainly people belonging to the ruling class and people of the South were mainly dominated by the white men. Perha ps, the first clear indication of such rebellion occurred during the year 1920. In this year Missouri Compromise, though the state is basically a slave state but at the same time it restricted the spread of the system of slavery anywhere else in the territory of Louisiana. Citing from the novel of Mitchell, ‘Gone with the Wind’, we find the word ‘nigger’ used to refer to the afro Americans. (Mitchell) the concept of white skin to be the ideal beauty has been introduced through the appearance of Scarllet. When the author mentions ‘The black bombazine, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ set off white skin superbly’ (Mitchell), she indicates a kind of contrast where it seems that the white people were powerful at the expense of the blacks. This also indicates a consciousness that aroused as the war was about to begin. Till this time period the white people did not take the whole situation in a very serious way but the white section of the society was also realizing

Teaching Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Teaching Reflection - Essay Example My work placement at *****, gave me an invaluable insights into the relevant approach to teaching chemistry. The experience was extremely helpful in understanding the various methods used by teachers in helping their students understand the subject with an in-depth comprehension of concepts. My two-week placement entailed working hand in hand with the chemistry teachers in the school. I was able to observe their methods of teaching the science and I assisted in a number of areas to enable myself be more acquainted with what dissemination of scientific knowledge to secondary school students is all about. In my first week of my work placement, I was able to take charge of some class activities, whereby I was assigned a duty of assisting students with difficulties in chemistry (Ellison 2008, p.46). My interactions with the teachers offered me an opportunity to learn about developing a lesson plan that is suitable for teaching science and chemistry in precision. The plan is an extremely important step, if the teacher wants to remain relevant in the classroom. Here, an instructor starts by identifying what is going to be covered in every particular lesson. Then the objectives of the lessons are determined, so that a teacher can identify the specific behaviours and capabilities that a student should exhibit after every lesson is covered (Sanderson 2002, p.23). Most of the teacher in the school used descriptive objectives. This provides a better platform for the educator to get great feedback on his/her teaching effectiveness, and students’ progress as well. Taking time to determine what the learners already know about the subject matter would enhance the overall success of completion of a lesson. Chemistry is relatively practical lessons, and having this in mind, teachers ensured that the necessary material and apparatus necessary to be used in a particular lesson are identified in the lesson plan in an attempt to accomplish the objectives described. These mat erials are highly useful in facilitating the learning process. Thus, as observed, a lesson plan increases the efficiency of teaching practice and the quality of the students’ learning time (Dorin 2002, p.29). Varieties of teaching approaches were also evident in the school learning processes. Here I actively participated in facilitating group discussions. These activities tend to generate interest in the topic under study and students are able to learn from friends. The teachers were also involved in helping out in explaining the concepts that were beyond the then understanding of the students. The teachers also had a variety of methods that they used to facilitate learning process. They give out assignments that required further reading and research on the subject matter. The main theme here was, â€Å"thinking further†. Learning partnership among student also seemed to develop a longer term learning culture among themselves (Gabel 2004, p.31). As observed, this appro ach helped weak students to learn continuously from their peers and consequently gaining much more understanding on chemistry. I also learnt that the teachers generally applied the three learning theories in identifying a suitable methods and media of teaching in the school. These include the cognitive, psychomotor, and affective domains. The psychomotor domain is generally skill based. Here the student tends to produce a product. It entails practical instructional levels that include imitation, practice, as well as habit. The psychomotor domain steep in a demonstration, delivery as well as the first level, imitation, which simply is a return of demonstrations that are under the control of the instructor. Additionally, the practice level is a proficiency building experience, which is

Customer Satisfaction Essay Example for Free

Customer Satisfaction Essay INDRODUCTION Customer satisfaction can help your business to achieve a sustainable competitive advantages, It’s about understanding the way a customer feels after purchasing a product or service and in particular, whether or not that product or service meet the customer’s expectation. Bias tyre construction utilizes body ply cords that extend diagonally from bead to bead, usually at angles in the range of 30 to 40 degree, with successive plies laid at opposing angles forming a crisscross pattern to which the tread is applied. The design allows the entire tyre body to flex easily. There are 9 varieties of bias tyre manufacturing by the MRF tyre company. Radial tyre construction utilizes body ply cords extending from the beads and across the tread so that the cords are laid at approximately right angles to the centerline of the tread, and parallel to each other as well as stabilizer belts directly beneath the tread. The belts may be cord or steel. 15 varieties of radial tyre manufacturing are done by the MRF tyre company. PRODUCT PROFILE In the year of 1946 a young entrepreneur K.M.MAMMEN MAPPILLAI, opened a small toy balloon manufacturing unit in a shed at Chennai (Tiruvottiyur). During the period 1949 the factory was just a small shed without any machines. A variety of products, ranking from balloons and squeaking toys to industrial gloves and were produced. In the period of 1952 MRF ventured into the manufacture of tread rubber. And with that, the first machine a rubber mill was installed at the factory. This step into tread rubber manufacture was later to catapult MRF into a league that few had imagined possible. The quality of the product manufactured was of such a high standard that by the close of 1956, MRF had become the market leader with a 50% share of the tread-rubber market in India. In the period of 1961 after the success achieved in tread rubber, MRF entered into the manufacture of tyres. MRF established a technical collaboration with the Mansfield tyre and rubber company of USA. Around the same time, it also becomes a public company. During the year 1963 India’s first Prime  Minister Jawaharlal Nehru laid the foundation stone for the rubber research center at Chennai. In 1967 MRF became the first Indian company to export tyres to USA the v ery birthplace of tyre technology. During the year 1970 to 1972 MRF opened its factory in kottayam, Goa and Arakkonam (chennai). In the year 1973 MRF scored a major breakthrough by being among the very first in India to manufacture and market nylon passenger tyres commercially. During the year 1980 MRF entered into a technical collaboration with the B.F.GOODRICH tyre company of USA. In period of 1989 MRF was the clear market leader in every tyre segment. Once again, in recognition of excellence MRF was awarded the visvesvaraya award for the best business house in south India. In the year 1990 MRF collaborated with Hasbro international USA, the world’s largest toy markers and launched funskool India. At the same year MRF World Series cricket tournament for the Jawaharlal Nehru trophy was sponsored by the company. In 1991 MRF also opened the MRF tyredrome, India’s first tyre company owned wheel care complex at Chennai, at the same period MRF brought the 6th world cup boxing championship to Mumbai the first of its kind with 39 countries participating. In 1992 K.M.MammenMapillai was awarded the Padmashri award of national recognition for his contribution to industry the only industrialist from south Indian to be accorded this honor until that time. In 1993 and 1995, the company was voted by the far eastern economic review, as one of the ten leading corporate groups in India and a leader Asia. During the same time MRF was selected as one of Indian’s most admired marketing companies by the readers of the AM magazine. During the year 1996 to 2000 MRF is spreading its wings by also involving in the development of cricket by sponsorship of many cricketers and also MRF pace foundation. At one point of time, MRF was the bat sponsor of world-class batsman including sachintendulkar, Brain lara and stere Waugh. At the same time MRF launches first ever F3 car and company’s turnover crossed INR 15 billion. MRF launched ZVIS tyres for passenger cars. The period between 2001to 2006 the company kept climbing the ladder with efficient and able directors and a change was announced that Mr. Arunmammen would be the managing directors. The MRF NYLOGRIP rapper for two-wheelers was launched  and MRF wins the JD power award, at the same time MRF turnover crossed INR 30 billion marks. During the year 20007 to 2010 MRF launches the super LUG 505. A premium mileage, rear fitment truck tyre for national highway operations on rated roads and MRF launches ZSLK tyres, MRF wins the JD power award again for the 6th time. After the bat sponsor of world-class batsman including Stere Waugh’s and Brian Lara’s retirement from international cricket. MRF contract with Sachin Tendulkar also expired on 2009. MRF is currently sponsoring GauthamGambhir and Rohit Sharma, two other members of the Indian cricket team. INDUSTRY PROFILE The very first tyres were bands of iron placed on the wooden wheels of carts and wagons, luckily, with the discovery of rubber things changed. It was in the mid 1800’s that the first tyres made using rubber appeared. They were simple tyres the rubber carried the load entirely. It was in 1845 that the pneumatic or air-filled tyre which works by air with in the tyre absorbing the shocks of the road was invented and patented by Robert William Thomson. His design used a number of thin inflated tubes inside a leather cover. This meant that it would take more than one puncture before the tyre deflated. However, despite this new break though in tyres, the old solid rubber variety was still favored by the public, leaving the pneumatic tyre out in the wilderness. It wasn’t until 1888 that john Boyd Dunlop, unbeknownst to him, reinvented the pneumatic tyre whilst trying to improve his son’s bike. Dunlop’s tyre like Thomson’s, didn’t seem to sell at first-until a bike race in Belfast was won by a rider using his tyres with that victory people began to take notice of the pneumatic tyre. In 1895 the pneumatic tyre was first used on automobiles by Andre and E dotard Michelin. It was also around this time that legislation was put into effect that discouraged the use of solid rubber tyres. All over the world companies sprang up to meet the new demand for the new tyres. Tyres remained fundamentally unchanged though out the 20’s and 30’s until Michelin introduced steel-belted radial tyres in 1948. This new type of pneumatic tyre meant that they would have a longer life thanks to ply  cords that radiate from a 90 degree angle from the wheel rim. It also meant that tyre had less rolling resistance increasing the mileage of a vehicle. This new radial tyre was very successful outside of the US, with companies in Italy, France, Japan and Germany producing them in large numbers. In the US however, a battle commenced. American car manufactures were afraid that the cost to redesign their cars in order to use these radial tyres was too much and so stuck to the older bias ply tyres. It wasn’t until the 70’s where there was a fuel crisis-that the American public, because of the rising cost of petrol, demanded more economical cars. This led to the introduction of cars that could easily fit the high mileage radial tyres. By 1983 all new American cars came fitted with radial tyres.

Mystification :: essays research papers

Mystification  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Berger’s essay, he uses the term â€Å"mystification†. Mystification is one way to set out describing the ways in which people perceive what they see. When people look at same painting or advertisement, they perceive and interpret differently. As John Berger says, â€Å"we are always looking at the relation between things and ourselves† (156). We see things differently from one another and in the beginning we see things, but without language and understanding, we cannot explain what it is we see. The way we see things is predetermined by different factors such as our own experiences and status. Berger provides an example two paintings by Frans Hals. The two paintings are picture of a group of governors and a group of governesses. The paintings imply that how our society has emphasized an upper class at the period. And, high status people control the people’s view. As Berger says, â€Å"the art of the past is being mystified because a privileged minority is striving to invent a history which can retrospectively justify the role of the ruling classes, and such a justification can no longer make sense in modern terms† (157). The upper class mystifies us to stay in control; without being able to see things in our own way, we are being deprived from our right to understanding ourselves and placing ourselves in a role of society. The â€Å"privileged minority† mystifies works of art in order to control people’s view. Berger explains how Hals becomes after he painted the two paintings. According to Berger, â€Å"he obtained three loads of peat on public charity, otherwise he would have frozen to death. Those who now sat for him were administrators of such public charity† (158).

Educational Reform Essay

The educational institutes today are more focused on academics & pay less attention to the physical attributes of the students. Physical educators along with academic teachers play an important part in promoting good health through regular physical activities. The number of obese children is increasing around the world. Research depicts that one in every ten; six years old child in England is obese. It is estimated that by the year 2020, 50% of the children would be obese. (BBC. co, 2004,) Lack of physical activity is said to be a cause for lowers academic achievements as well as overweight & obese individuals. The reason being, when the fundamental dietary & fitness needs are not met, the students show a decline in academics by giving a poor performance. A study in New York asserted that students’ intelligence & academic performance was affected by the slightest of malnutrition signs. Schools play a major role in developing the young minds & grooming them for a bright future, it must be kept in mind that physical education too is an imperative aspect of an individual’s life. Along with the P. E. courses the students should be advised about a proper diet intake. Children with poor nutritional habits, especially in the early years usually score low in vocabulary, reading & calculation. (Athletics Campus Life, 2007) It is calculated that 40% of American population is inactive & only 20% are slightly active. Mostly 50% of individuals drop out of exercise programs without even completing six months. The fact is that habits are developed at an early age. If the students are not facilitated with physical exercise courses at school, they will never form healthy workout habits. The schools these days are struggling to increase the student success rates, the children are over burdened with homework & extra classes, leaving no time for extracurricular activities. The Buffalo City School District in New York has decided to incorporate a physical education department starting from the very initial stage; the aim is to achieve better student grades, attendance & improved health. The students’ nutrition, active lifestyle & accomplishments are all interrelated. If the child is happy & healthy, he will perform well in every step he takes. Reducing 240 minutes per week in class time in favor of physical activity resulted in higher math scores. (Action for Healthy Kids, 2004) Students with the highest fitness scores scored the highest in their SAT exam. Being physically active also fortifies the student’s cognitive learning abilities & lowers anxiety & depression levels. It is derived from extensive research that the intake of oxygen during exercise benefits the neurons & increases the mind power. Overweight children are susceptible to develop physical ailments like blood pressure & diabetes in later life, not to mention the psychological effects by being teased in school causing a reclusive feeling, low self esteem & presently depression. The Cambridge Public Schools, in Massachusetts, discovered that almost 14% of children from the age group 9-13 were overweight due to sedentary routines. These students were being targeted for jokes & bullying. In order to facilitate the energy of hyperactive & sedentary students, at the same time improving their physical & social wellbeing; increased the activity programs at school targeting every student’s individual needs. This act may produce desirable results in the meantime confronting issues like obesity & bullying. But focus should be kept on the physical wellbeing of students; therefore it’s a better option to minimize competing activities. Sports & recreational competitions are a good way to realize one’s potential but may induce negative feelings in the losing opponent. Every school attempts to reach the highest target of excellence; this goals should set concern for the physical & mental growth of the students thus, expanding time for the physical & extracurricular activities for the children to indulge in. summer & winter breaks can also be utilized for such programs. Participating in such activities help the children to discover their strengths & uniqueness creating a feeling of achievement. They realize their interests & then design their future goals accordingly. A number of funds are use for the betterment of academic departments in schools. Some steps should be taken for designing the physical education department in order to achieve a positive impact on the confidence, self esteem & motivation of all the students. Each student should be dealt separately, so as to meet individual demands & improve their over all personality. A policy taken up by the Michigan State Board of Education Policy in September 2003 on Quality Physical Education confirms that well planned physical activities play a pivotal role in the student learning capabilities. They learn to incorporate their skills & abilities to the fullest in every field. They started a 150 minutes/week program for the elementary students & 225 minutes/week. (Michigan State- Resource Guide) Some of the ideas that can be incorporated for the betterment of students overall capabilities are:†¢ All students should be entitled to join the physical activity groups. Each age group should be handled separately so they can enhance their confidence, identify their personal. The physical education curriculum should be based on a rationally researched content. The proper equipment & tools should be provided by the school & a professional trainer should be hired to train the students. The individual strengths & abilities of students should be catered. Tests should be conducted to find out their endurance levels & body strengths & then target the problem areas for achieving a healthy & active student body. †¢ Athletics are very effective in the over all growth of children.  Basic levels of athletics should be coached to every student & advance courses available to those who are interested. †¢ The P. E. group can hold study groups & workshops to help the students with their weakness & provide them with proper nutritional guides. Several activities can be introduces involving interaction with friends & families of the students. For example few schools arrange sport days, running tracks & family fitness nights. After school activities can play a major role in inducing physical fitness in the students. The points to keep in mind are that †¢ the activities are convenient for the students †¢ the program contains enough intensity to make it challenging †¢ Variety of programs should be introduced so that the children are keen to partake in them. †¢ The weather conditions should be kept in mind & indoor gyms & recreational rooms should be set up in case of a rainy day. †¢ The parents & teachers should be encouraged to get involved with the students so they can help the children to live up to the best of their abilities.

How to Motivate Employees

In today’s world managers face challenge in making employees perform his or her task efficiently. Employee satisfaction is utmost important in successful completion of work in an organization. For job satisfaction apart from monetary value job motivation is important. Each person has different motivation for working. Some people work for money, some work for recognition and some may work since they have passion towards they do. However whatever be the personal causes for job motivation may be the bottom line fact is that everyone works for money, whatever it may be called compensation, salary, bonuses, benefits or remuneration. But money is not the sole factor to motivate an employee towards the work. For example manager might increase salary or may give bonus to an employee but it may not motivate the employee, reason is that unless and until the employee is satisfied with his or her job he would not be dedicated towards the job. Managers need to think of innovative ways to motivate employees. When an employee achieves something managers need to give recognition and praise the same. It helps if he/she acknowledges the performance of the employee in front of the entire work force in the office. Awarding appreciation certificate, ‘Keep it Up’ notes on a regular basis helps a mile to keep an employee engaged, which monetary benefits may not achieve. These acts as recognition and matter of pride for the employee. Recognition can be given at meetings or company-sponsored social gatherings, office lunches, outbound etc. Employers can create an employee newsletter to share updates and recognition. They may also post a bulletin board for employees to share news, hobbies, and recognition. Managers need to hold periodical staff meetings and should communicate openly with the employees. One to one coaching is important for career development. Employees need to know what is potentially ahead for them, what opportunities there are for growth. Regular monitoring process should be done to set the career path for the employee. Employees are human beings so managers need to treat them patiently. Employers can congratulate the employees on life events such as new babies and can wish them on their birthdays, marriage anniversary, Diwali and Christmas by giving them cards. Managers can call an employee into office just to say thank you without discussing any other issue. If any task is fulfilled by the employee, managers can write a thank you card or e-mail. They may send a card to the employee's spouse/family thanking them for their support. Employers should take employees for an informal lunch and dinner once a week. Managers should call for frequent parties to motivate the employee throughout the year. This will create a bond of togetherness among the employees. Employers should make employees understand that how much he or she is important resource for the organization and if possible should arrange some interaction with the company’s customers. These non-monetary ways motivations are small acts on the part of management but they make huge impact on an employee’s job career. Apart from getting attracted towards money when an employee is motivated to do his or her job then only a sense of bonding and high levels of commitment is developed and an employee thus will perform efficiently. How to Motivate Employees In today’s world managers face challenge in making employees perform his or her task efficiently. Employee satisfaction is utmost important in successful completion of work in an organization. For job satisfaction apart from monetary value job motivation is important. Each person has different motivation for working. Some people work for money, some work for recognition and some may work since they have passion towards they do. However whatever be the personal causes for job motivation may be the bottom line fact is that everyone works for money, whatever it may be called compensation, salary, bonuses, benefits or remuneration. But money is not the sole factor to motivate an employee towards the work. For example manager might increase salary or may give bonus to an employee but it may not motivate the employee, reason is that unless and until the employee is satisfied with his or her job he would not be dedicated towards the job. Managers need to think of innovative ways to motivate employees. When an employee achieves something managers need to give recognition and praise the same. It helps if he/she acknowledges the performance of the employee in front of the entire work force in the office. Awarding appreciation certificate, ‘Keep it Up’ notes on a regular basis helps a mile to keep an employee engaged, which monetary benefits may not achieve. These acts as recognition and matter of pride for the employee. Recognition can be given at meetings or company-sponsored social gatherings, office lunches, outbound etc. Employers can create an employee newsletter to share updates and recognition. They may also post a bulletin board for employees to share news, hobbies, and recognition. Managers need to hold periodical staff meetings and should communicate openly with the employees. One to one coaching is important for career development. Employees need to know what is potentially ahead for them, what opportunities there are for growth. Regular monitoring process should be done to set the career path for the employee. Employees are human beings so managers need to treat them patiently. Employers can congratulate the employees on life events such as new babies and can wish them on their birthdays, marriage anniversary, Diwali and Christmas by giving them cards. Managers can call an employee into office just to say thank you without discussing any other issue. If any task is fulfilled by the employee, managers can write a thank you card or e-mail. They may send a card to the employee's spouse/family thanking them for their support. Employers should take employees for an informal lunch and dinner once a week. Managers should call for frequent parties to motivate the employee throughout the year. This will create a bond of togetherness among the employees. Employers should make employees understand that how much he or she is important resource for the organization and if possible should arrange some interaction with the company’s customers. These non-monetary ways motivations are small acts on the part of management but they make huge impact on an employee’s job career. Apart from getting attracted towards money when an employee is motivated to do his or her job then only a sense of bonding and high levels of commitment is developed and an employee thus will perform efficiently.

Justification And Weaknesses Of Non-Interpretive Essays

Justification And Weaknesses Of Non-Interpretive Essays Justification And Weaknesses Of Non-Interpretive Justification and Weaknesses of the Non-Interpretive Model Brief: Justification and Weaknesses of the Non-Interpretive Model The question of Constitutional interpretation still has yet to be resolved. Should only the explicit commands of our nations Founding Fathers be referenced in courts of law, or can it be justified that an outside body should extrapolate from the specific text of the Constitution to define and defend additional fundamental rights? Further, if this body, namely the Supreme Court, bases its decisions of constitutional relevance not wholly on exact interpretation, then regardless of reason, are they wholly illegitimate? The non-interpretive model allows the Court to interpret beyond the exact wording of the Constitution to define and protect the values of a society. The question of how the non-interpretative model can be justified must be answered. Despite much remaining confusion between the two models, it is clear that history has chosen the non-interpretative model without which many of the defining points in our nations history would be unjustified. The overwhelming strength of the non-interpretive model is that it has allowed for many fundamental decisions that have served to protect the natural rights of the members of this society. If on the other hand the interpretive model is to be accepted, a significant number of decisions must be revoked. Briefly, the majority of the due process clause is no longer justified. Fair criminal and civil procedures must be dismantled since they have no specific textual reference in the Constitution. Freedom of speech, religion, and property rights are all called in question. Also affected is the legitimacy of franchise and legislative apportionment bodies of doctrine. The equal protection clause of the Constitution when read literally outlines the defense of some forms of racial discrimination. However, it does not immediately guarantee the right to vote, eligibility for office, or the right to serve on a jury. Additionally, the clause does not suggest that equal-facility segregation is not to be allowed. Finally, the freedom from cruel and unusual punishments as outlined in the eighth amendment loses its flexibility. In this manner, a prima facie argument against the interpretive model is evident. Without the ability to move beyond the specific wording, the Court loses its authority to protect what society values as basic human rights. A fundamental question relevant to this debate is whether or not values within our society are time-enduring or changing. When the Supreme Court makes a controversial decision, does it use the text of the Constitution to legitimize principles of natural law, social norms and arrangements? Or, is it acting as an interpreter of slowly changing values and imposing its views on society through its decisions? The Constitution is not a stagnant document; it is very much alive and changing with the times. Critics argue that the amendment process was created to allow change and that the role of the Judiciary does not include the power to change stated commands in addition to that of enforcing them. However, in many cases, the amendment process is inadequate for clarification of issues of human rights. A great virtue of the non-interpretive model is that the Court has the power to strike down unconstitutional legislation that allows for the Court to preserve the rights of the people. Non-interpretation then requires the application of understood codes, yet the decision-making process is far from mechanical. Critics contest that the Court should not have the ability to interpret societal values in a given period of time. However, as has been shown, history has upheld this tradition. A number of questions now arise. Is it practically wise to place the responsibility to define and protect human rights in the hands of Supreme Court Justices? The answer lies in ones interpretation of history. While it is true that the Court has made decisions that reflect its own biases and interests, it can be shown that the Court has also consistently acted to secure the rights of citizens and to limit federal and state powers. Following, is the definition and enforcement of human rights a judicial task? The adjudication of the Supreme Court over issues of human rights as opposed to this power residing in other branches of government must be answered. While there is no direct statement regarding judicial review in the Constitution, Marbury v. Madison is referenced here as the greatest of all cases justifying this judicial power. Thus arises the penultimate question of the authority of the Supreme Court. Constitutional adjudication was allowed for implicitly by the Founding Fathers. Only some of the principles of higher law were written down in the original document; however, the distinction between those

Bespoke

Bespoke Bespoke Bespoke By Maeve Maddox A reader has asked for a discussion of the word bespoke: I keep reading it in articles, and at least half the time I see it I end up looking it up because it just doesn’t seem correct to me. Bespoke is an adjective that comes from the archaic English verb bespeak. One of the meanings of the prefix be- is â€Å"about.† When miserly Samuel Pepys dreads that a man wants him to be his son’s godfatheran honor that would require some outlay of cashhe says, [The man] who I feared did come to bespeak me to be godfather to his son. That is, â€Å"who he feared had come to speak to him about the prospect of his standing godfather.† In early usage bespeak could also mean â€Å"to speak out,† â€Å"to ask for,† â€Å"to tell about,† and â€Å"to predict,† as well as the meaning that has survived in the bespoke of the reader’s question: â€Å"to engage beforehand; to order goods.† Bespoke and bespoken are past forms of bespeak. For example, A new set of chains was bespoke. (A new set of chains was ordered.) She had arranged or bespoken to have him killed. (She had talked about a hit.) In its current use as an adjective, bespoke refers to custom-made goods in contrast to goods that are ready-made. The adjective can also refer to a person who provides such goods, (e.g., â€Å"a bespoke tailor†). In England the expression â€Å"bespoke suit† is a common way of referring to a tailor-made suit. In the context of conspicuous consumption, bespoke seems to have something to do with the desires of hedonists who don’t know what to do with their money. Watchmakers look to bespoke design to court the super-rich: We will offer a bespoke service where the customer has a say on everything: the material, the case, the dial, the hands, said Thierry Andretta, president of the firm where prices for custom-made watches start at 100,000 Swiss francs ($113,000). Gourmet dining, private flights, bespoke safaris, slimming clinics and art auctions emerging as top status symbols The Privileged World City: Private Banking, Wealth Management and the Bespoke Servicing of the Global Super-Rich American speakers of less extravagant means and tastes are more likely to refer to the things they special-order as â€Å"custom-made.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Contronyms (Words with Contradictory Meanings)The Possessive ApostropheParticular vs. Specific

Primitivism, Tradition, and Modernity in the Expressionist Art's Assignment - 1

Primitivism, Tradition, and Modernity in the Expressionist Art's Political Implications - Assignment Example Bloch also claimed that Lukacs simplified expression based on the movement theories rather than the expression art. According to Bloch, expression was not progressive but conservative. Judging from Nolde's art account, Bloch arguments were correct as art was not based on culture because over 300 artworks belonging to Noldes were removed from the museum (Lloyd 91). Nolde's defense of exotic art and permittivity was brought about by his efforts to renew Germany art. In his work, Noldes wanted to represent the tribal artifacts of different community’s tradition both western and nonwestern. Nolde's also created work of art which represented spiritual painting which served as spiritual counter images to modern urban change fragmentations and fractures. Primitive art had some values which he considered important and wanted German artists to emulate. The primitive art showed or served as the light to modern society. Individuals could see primitive art and focus on their current life in society.

Tax Advice Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Tax Advice Assignment - Essay Example Retaining GBP 30,000 per year in business Moving on to the first aspect, what are the major tax codes implied by the UK government. As with usual government practices across the globe, here too there is a (1) Corporation tax, (2) VAT, (3) PAYE (Pay As You Earn), (4) Self Assessment Tax, (5) Business rates tax, (6) Capital Gains Tax, (7) Stamp and Excise duties and (8) Industry specific tax. Before getting into these taxes, we need to understand the records to be maintained for an ongoing business concern or a proprietorship concern for that matter getting converted to a company format. These include: Business income records (record of sales) Business expenditure records (record of purchases and expenses) Financial and accounting records Employer records (payment to employees, benefits, IT , NIC) VAT records Formation of a company has major benefits in terms of liability of partners or shareholders as the business is treated as separate entity and hence there is no personal liability of any partner / shareholder towards creditors of the company. Corporate profits will be taxed at corporate tax rate of 28% and HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) is responsible for Corporation Tax aspects. Upon intimation to Companies House, the same shall be provided to HMRC who in turn provides an introductory pack within six weeks containing CT 41G forms. Upon filling this form, the same has to be submitted to the CT Office and this information is used by HMRC to calculate CT and deadlines (Business Link, 2011). The corporation tax for small profit companies has been pegged at 20% as of 2011 (Business Link, 2011). VAT meaning Value Added Tax is charged by business houses on the goods and services provided. A VAT rate varies between 0-20percent in UK. The UK taxation laws provide options to reclaim VAT based on purchases made on goods and services, reclaiming VAT on Bad debts etc. (Business Link, 2011) a company/ partnership has to register for VAT if their taxable income is GBP ,64,0 00 a year . Some of the major benefits by incorporating a company will be : Company makes pension contributions promptly Claiming maximum possible expenses involved related to business as per UK legislation Capital allowances can be claimed if there is a capital expenditure incurred for the business. Ensuring benefits paid out in terms of medical and HRA if salary is less than GBP 26,000 per year. Surplus cash can be used as loan provided to business, on which interest can be earned and only needs to pay 10% tax on first GBP 10,000 taxable profits. If the same cash is maintained in personal account, then 40% tax on interest has to be paid. Hence, here there is a clear demarcation of 30% interest savings. There are options where no tax can be paid on certain income derived – expenses allocating to a particular income stream, eg: A Partner’s salary allocating to interest income, in such a way no tax need be required to be paid on the income generated. GBP 7500 capital ga ins tax free allowance. The firm need not pay National Insurance and is only liable to pay Corporation Tax at 10% on its profit slab upto GBP 10,000 and 20% on next slab level between GBP 50,000 – 300,000 after deducting all expenses including Director’s remuneration. By developing Company Pension Scheme and payment of dividend to its shareholders, the Corporation Tax can be reduced a great extent. (Form A Company, Worldwide Incorporations, 2011).at times, the management by taking a small pie as salary reap a major portion of

Positive Impacts of Digital File Sharing Article

Positive Impacts of Digital File Sharing - Article Example With the rapid advancement and popularization of the internet, digital file sharing technology is now permeating into people’s daily life. Having noticed this trend, musicians and music retailers are now focusing on the online market leading to large changes in music culture. The virtual market has great potential: Both the accessibility and diversity of music have been greatly improved. Although online file sharing community has seemingly led to a decline in the sales of albums and the quick emergence of piracy, relative studies indicate that it does have a positive influence on the economy of the music industry as a whole, generating more revenue for music producers. While technology gives the go-ahead to distribute music all over the world with a touch of a button and makes it possible for artists to advertise on an unmatched scale it also permits music piracy anywhere, anytime. This is the unauthorized replication of goods protected under intellectual property law. This was the case when music technological advancement started back in the 1920s. Artists only got paid for sales of music purchased by radio stations but not the number of times their music got airplay. Then followed the invention of the cassette tape, which and very poor sound quality. This was followed by CDs that were largely pirated and artists got no revenue from it. The invention of file sharing and internet in the music industry increased the piracy rates, but the positive impacts that these digital platforms have brought are more than any piracy losses. Boorstin S. Eric, a lawyer graduated from Princeton University, once conducted a study about the impact of the emerging online music retail industry on total disc sales. He combined data on population characteristics with Nielson SoundScan data on CD sales for 99 metropolitan areas in the years 1998, 2000, and 2001: The total sales in music during the year 2002 were the US $32.2 billion; 41% in North America, 18.6% in Asia, 34.5% in Europe. Japan had more than 80% of the total sales in Asia, leaving Latin America and the rest of Asia and Africa to have 3.1% and 2.7% respectively.

Organotin (IV) Compounds: Chemistry, Properties and Uses

Organotin (IV) Compounds: Chemistry, Properties and Uses Introduction 1.1 Tin Element It is undeniably that many research and studies had been done in the field of organotin chemistry for the past half century. Sn which is symbol bared by tin which is called as stannum in Latin. It is placed on group 14 and period 5 in the periodic table with atomic number of 50. It has an electronic configuration of [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2. The table 1.1 below show properties of tin (Davies, et al., 2008).The chemical properties was shared similarity with germanium and lead. Moreover, tin form compounds which has +2 and +4 as its oxidation number with +4 has slightly higher stability. Hence, formation of tetrahedral tin atoms occur when four valence electrons involved in the sp3 hybridization. Table 1.1: Tin Properties (Davies, et al., 2008) Based on Tin Chemistry: Fundamentals, Frontiers and Application, it was stated that tin has the stable isotopes of ten and also with the highest number of any element in the periodic table of isotopes. Thus, tin exhibit vary characteristic of the mass spectra. From on the table 1.2 shown below, it appear that both isotopes of 117 and 119 with spin of  ½ are used in the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (Davies, et al., 2008). Table 1.2: Stable isotopes of Tin (Davies, et al., 2008. p. 3) It is found that metallic tin occur in two states which is ÃŽ ±-tin and ÃŽ ²-tin. The ÃŽ ²-tin exists as distorted cubic structure and function as electric conductor. Whereas, ÃŽ ±-tin is formed when ÃŽ ²-tin is converted slowly at temperature below 10 °C. Besides that, ÃŽ ±-tin exits as a diamond structure which have the properties as a semiconductor. The physical appearances of tin is white and possess inertness at ambient temperature. However, tin will only undergo oxidation to SnO2 at 200 °C since it is a malleable post transition metal (Davies, et al., 2008). 1.2 History of Tin Tin has been discovered around 3500 BC and it is known as an element that strengthen copper by forming copper-tin alloy which actually begin as early as Bronze Age civilization. The tin present in surface of Earth is only approximately 2 ppm which is far lesser compared to zinc, copper and lead. The production of tin mainly from mining and smelting (Davies, 2004). In 1849, gives the birth of the first organotin(IV) compound, diethyltin diiodide synthesized by Edward Frankland which ultimately set as a new era in the field of tin chemistry. Frankland basically studies the behavior of the reaction between ethyl iodide and zinc heated in a sealed tube. It was that time found out that the decomposition of iodide of ethyl is affected by tin at the range of temperature between 150 °C to 200 °C (Davies, 2004). Threfore, his research practically set as a seed for further studies and was further stimulated around 1949 when various application of tin was discovered. Truly structural changes of compounds between the solution and solid states plays a crucial role in the organotin(IV) chemistry and its applications. In early studies of the 60s and 70s, Mà ¶ssbauer spectrosocopy was used to determine the sturcture of the complexes. Nevertheless, it is now been dominantly used with X-ray crstallography and 119Sn NMR due to better technology and resolution (Davies, 2004). 1.3 Preparation of Organotin(IV) Carboxylates Organotin(IV) carboxylates’s formula is RnSn(O2CRËÅ  )4-n . The complexes can be produced by reacting organotin(IV) oxide or hyrdroxide with comparable carboxylic acid. (equation 1.1 to1.3) R3SnOH or (R3Sn)2O + RËÅ  COOHà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   R3SnOOCRËÅ   + H2O (1.1) R2SnO + 2RËÅ  COOR à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   R2Sn(OOCRËÅ  )2 + H2O (1.2) RSn(O)OH + 3RËÅ  COOH à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   RSN(OOCRËÅ  )3 (1.3) Esterification reaction is accomplished between organotin(IV) oxides or hydroxides and carboxylic acids by azeotrophic dehydration. The above equations’ reactions will depend on the mixing of different mole ratio of acid and base with appropriate solvent. The side products, water was removed by Dean-Stark apparatus and molecular sieve. Furthermore, organotin(IV) carboxylates can be prepared by reacting organotin(IV) chloride with metal carboxylates. (equation 1.4). Meanwhile, when a tin-carbon cleaved with carboxylic acid, it can also produce organotin(IV) carboxylates or cleaved with mercury(I) or mercury (II), or lead (IV) carboxylate as shown below (Davies, 2004). (equation 1.5-1.6) RnSnCI4-n + 4-nRËÅ  COOM à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   RnSn(OOCRËÅ  )4-n + 4-nMCI (1.4) R4Sn + RËÅ  COOHà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   R3SnOOCRËÅ   +RH (1.5) R4Sn + RËÅ  COOM à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   R3SnOOCRËÅ   +RM (1.6) 1.4Structures of Triorganotin(IV) Complexes Basically the general formula for triorganotin(IV) complexes would be R3SnX and it is widely studied. This is due to the higher biological activity of triorganotin(IV) complexes compared to diorganotin(IV) complexes. The R group highly influence the biocidal activities as it contains three Sn-C whereas their volatility and solubility is affected by the X group (Kizlink, 2001). The toxicity also decreases with a decrease of organic groups bind to the tin atom. However, reviews indicated that X group itself is active biologically and an increased of aqueous solubility will lead to increased of activity (Davies, et al., 2008). Meanwhile, chelation of triorganotin monomer or polymer with a five coordination leads to a decreased of activities (Davies, et al., 2008). 1:1 molar ratio of carboxylic acid and triorganoitn(IV) base are used to prepare triorganotin(IV) complexes (IMTIAZ-UD-DIN and BADSHAH, 2010; Win, 2012). There are two main types of structures possess by triorganotin(IV) complexes which is chain and discrete structures. Figure 1.1 shows frequent occuring stuctures of triorganotin(IV) complexes with different coordination geometries (Hadjikakou and Hadjiliadis, 2009). Figure 1.1: Frequent occurring structures in triorganotin(IV) complexes (A-C) (Hadjikakou and Hadjiliadis, 2009. p. 236) At figure 1.1, complexes A to C falls on the category of discrete structures. It is commonly found that Ar3SnO2CRËÅ   exhibit discrete structures such as triphenyltin carboxylates. Complexes A shows possible dicarboxylate ligand that can form a linear polymer by bridging triorganotin(IV) groups. Complexes B is a structure that closely resemble to trigonal bipyramid containing two equivalent CO bonds with facial alkyl groups whereas complexes C shows tetrahedral geometry with two non-equivalent CO bonds. The axial sites for complexes A to C are all occupied by O-Sn-O electronegative substituents (Davies, et al., 2008). 1.5Tin Application It is undeniably that tin compounds have contributed and played a crucial role in various fields such as its property as an anticancer agent, in vitro anti-bacterial, wood preservatives, pesticides etc (Davies, et al., 2008). The main focus of tin application would be its organotin complexes due to its biologically active compounds in potentially lowering cancerous cells. Therefore, tremendous focus have actually diverted to anti-cancer field though it’s still have a wide applications. Table 1.3Industrial uses of organotin(IV) compounds (Omae, 2002) 1.5.1Agriculture Triorganotin(IV) compounds are proven to be extremely useful in agricultural and industry as they act as fungicides, molluscides, acaricides ,biocides and pesticides based on the research and reviews conducted (Kizlink, 2001; Nath, et al., 2013). For examples, toxicity towards insects and mammals are contributed by trimethyltins whereas Gram-negative bacteria are affected by tri-n-propyltins. In addition, tri-n-butyltin and triphenyltin compounds are effective against fungi. Presence of triorganotins pose as a lethal to mosquitoes and their larvae. Moreover,tributytin chloride act as an strong repellent for rodents in crops. Besides that, snails control is affected by both triphenyltin acetate and triphenyltin chloride as molluscicides. This will help to prevent schistosome infections in human (Piver, 1973). According to Kizlink studies, the presence of n-butyl, phenyl and cyclohexyl groups will greatly increase the biocidal activity (Davies, et al., 2008). Tricyclohexyltin hydroxide and trineophenyltin oxide acts as a acaricides which are used on citrus and vegetable crops though they are not conditioned to resistance environment (Batt, 2006). Whereas triphenyltin(IV) hydroxide and triphenytltin(IV) acetate are used in high value crops when there is potential for the crops to be infected such as early blight, Alternaria solani (GUENTHNER, et al., 2000). Therefore, the common crops used for fungicides are potatoes, pecans etc. With all the advantageous as biocides, ,little did people know that when triorganotin(IV) compunds are capable of adsorbed into the soil. This will eventually lead to contamination of surface water due to runoff (Okoro, et al., 2011). 1.5.2 Anti-cancer Activity In 1965, platinum complexes which is known as cis-diamminedichloroplatinum or cisplatin that characterized anti-proliferative activity has been discovered by Rosenberg (Alama, et al., 2009). Since then, platinum (II) complexes has been used as anti-cancer agent (Lippard and Jamieson, 1999). Regardless of its success, conducted studies has shown that it possess side effects (Langer, et al., 2013). Therefore, a non-platinum metal complexes field has been been prompted to studied with continual investigation of new complexes as antitumor drugs. Besides that, there has been many reviews and studies on organotin carboxylates due to its antitumor potential. Generally, triorganotin(IV) complexes had been widely known to possess superior activity than diorganotin deriavatives (Baul, et al., 2005; Ali, et al., 2011; Yip, et al., 2012). This rules apply to some of the activties and had been recognized as R3SnL > R2SnL2 > RSnL3. Literature had indicated that triphenyltin(IV) complexes have remarkable activty in in vitro antitumor against human mamary tumour (MCF-7) and colon carcinoma (WIDR) (Baul, et al., 2009). It is also reported that the actvity of triphenyltin(IV) complexes are higher than other complexes with p-hydroxybenzoic acids. This is because of the high values of half inhibitory concentration (IC50) lipoxygenase inhibition compared to organitins(IV) and also reference cisplastin. Besides that, the inhibition of lipoxygenase and the activity of anti-proliferative against smooth muscle tumor, a leiomyosarcoma cells are higher for triorganitin(IV) compounds compared to diorganotin(IV) compounds (Nu, Li and Li, 2014). High lipophilic behaviour ,ability to penetrate cell membrane and promotion of binding to biological molecules due to its phenyls group of triorganotin(IV) carboxylates showed high cytotoxic activity further confirms its impressive cytotoxicity in vitro against human lung cell line and human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (Ma, et al., 2014). Furthermore, spontaneous disproportionation reactions in solution may undergone by triorganotin(IV) derivatives into di- and tetraorganotin(IV) derivatives. In the mean time, lost of alkyl or aryl group may happened in in vivo during interception of aromatase enzyme. Therefore, there is possibility to recognize diorganotin(IV) complexes might be the ultimatum of cytotoxic agent and pharmacokinetic considerations in relation to commonly observed triorganotin(IV) compounds’ high activity (Alama, et al., 2009). The organotin carboxylates can be further studied by exploring the ligand of the carboxylic acid, coordination number of the central tin atoms which play a crucial role in determine factor of the anti-tumor activity or cytotoxicity properties (Hadjikakou and Hadjiliadis, 2009; Ding, et al., 2012; Thorpe, et al., 2013). In conclusion, simultaneous in researching leads to potential in discovery in designing new anticancer drugs which will greatly help in our advancement in the medical field. 1.5.3 Antifouling Exploit of trioganotin(IV) compounds can be used as a biocidal agent in anti-fouling paints for ships. In fact, tri-n-butyltin oxide (TBTO) is the first organotin compound to be discover for its properties. The function of anti-fouling systems is to coat and paint ships that acts as protective layer in order to inhibit attachment of Chlamydomas sp. or acorn barnacles. Shipping industry will face a serious problem if marine fouling occur due to increased surface roughness and resistance in water. Therefore, a consumption of 40% of fuel is needed to maintain the normal speed (Omae, 2003). Furthermore, triorganotin(IV) compounds are resistance towards corrosion on aluminum hulls which is why it is favoured. Besides that the ability of tributyltin oxide to mix with pain solvents as a colorless liquid can be used in many biocidal applications. However, tributyltin oxide is highly soluble in seawater and thus giving a short term protection. Whereas, triphenyltin(IV) fluoride has become a common antifungal paint due to its long life protection from algae and shells (Omae, 2003). Even though both tributyltin oxide and triphenyltin(IV) fluoride made a good antifouling paint, studies had shown that they contribute contamination to the aquatic environment (Hartl, 2012). It was suggested that biocides release is caused by high pressure hosing activities in which the paint particles become attached with the sediments and also leaching (Konstantinou and Albanis, 2004) 1.5.4 Wood preservatives It is undeniable that wood is a precious gift from the mother nature and serves as as a wide applicant in the world. Specific wood species are needed for construction due its superior physical, mechanical and aesthetically pleasing performance (Jusoh, 2012). However, not all wood species are durable for outdoor activities. Therefore, organotin(IV) compounds are set as a wood preservatives such as tributyltin(IV) oxide and tributyltin(IV) naphthenate. Based on Kizlink research in year 2000, triorganotin(IV) compounds are found to inhibit the growth of mycelium from wood-destroying fungi Coniophora puteana, Serpula lacrymans and mould suspensions. It is reported that butyl group in n-alkyi chains contained by triorganotin(IV) compounds such as bis(tributyltin) oxide and tributyltin N, N-diethyldithiocarbamate is highly effective against fungi. On the other hand, inhibitory activity of fungicides of triphenyltin(IV) compounds appear to be lower than tributyltin(IV) compounds. This studies indicated and proven that smaller molecular volume of R3Sn have a better establisment to the site of inhibitory action compared to bigger molecular volume. Whereas in the studies of Jusoh, it was suggested that Alstonia schlaris, Macaranga triloba and Hevea brasiliensis were preserved succesfully by organotin(IV) compounds. This results would be further supported by the binding of tin compounds with the wood cell from the FTIR spectra which serves as a preservations of treatability of the specific wood species. 1.5.5 Poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) stabilizers The degradation of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) or oxygenolysis occur at lower temperature of its processing temperature. Thus, conjugation of double bonds are established and the decomposition will release hydrogen chloride (HCI) which then be reduced by heat stabilizers through absorption (Arkis and Balkose, 2004; Wang, et al., 2014). The stabilizers are composed of mono or di-disubstituted organotin(IV) compounds which usually added to pipes, films and packing materials due to their thermal stability (Nu, Li and Li, 2014). Common PVC stabilizers can be differentiated with their alkyl group of organotins which is methyl, butyl and octyl (Okoro, et al., 2011). Since the toxicity of monoorganotin stabilizers towards mammals are extremely low, they are widely used with an added advantage of low raw material cost. On the other hand, the efficiency of octyltins are lesser due to its lower tin content (Batt, 2006). According to Songwon in 2013 by Tin Intermediates Selection Guide, the examples of organtin(IV) complex used as a heat stabilizers is butyltin(IV) mercaptide, dibutyltin(IV) dilaurate, monobutyltin tris(2-ethylhexanoate) and dioctyltin mercaptide. Tin mercaptides are found to be the most desired due to its high efficiency acting as a weak acid reacting with labile chloride sites on PVC. Besides that, solubility of the stabilizer and lubrication in polymer processing is enhanced by the high molecular weights and ester group in mercaptan ligands (Batt, 2006). 1.6 Other usage of Organotin(IV) compounds Besides organotin(IV) compounds acts as an antibacterial and antifungal agent, it also has mothproofing properties to treated fabrics such as bis(tributyltin) oxide. This is due the advantage of being lacking of color and staining. Staphylococcus aureus, a bacteria found in hospital also can be controlled by chemical bis(tributyltin) oxide (Piver, 1973). Diorganotin(IV) compounds are used as catalysts to in process of forming polyurethane and silicon elastomers (Okoro, et al., 2011). Dibutyltin(IV) compounds such as diibutytin(IV) dilaurate is responsible in controlling tapeworms for poultry such as Raillietina cesticillus. 1.7 Effects of Organotin(IV) compounds Humans are affected by organotins consumption of contaminated food, waters from pipelines of PVC or inhalation from agricultural activities and industry processes. The symptoms includes liver damage, loss of weight and neurological disorder. Birds are affected by their uptake of food in which their body structure, diet and metabolism of butyltin determines the accumulation in their tissues. Tri-n-butyltin oxide will greatly impact the immunological system and hormones activities of the birds. Whereas the entrance of organotins to fishes is through uptake of water from the gills and diet factor. The toxic effects would be on the red blood cells, gills and liver in the presence of tributyltin(IV) compounds(Namiesnik, et al., 2013). Another evidence was proved by studying chronic toxicity of organotin(IV) compounds by observing gastropods as subjects. It was found that gastropods exhibit imposex which can be defined as having male organs such as penis in a female species even with low concentration of tributyltins. This literally means that contamination of organotins greatly affects all biological living species (Omae. 2002) 1.8 Objectives The main objectives of this research is to synthesis (4-amino-3,5-dichlorobenzoato)triphenyltin(IV) from the reaction between 4-amino-3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid with triphenyltin(IV) oxide. The second objective of this research is to study the characterization of the synthesized complexes through determination of melting point, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen elemental analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) as KBR dics, 119Sn, 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Spectroscopy (NMR) with the means of quantitatively and qualitatively. The third objective for this study is to determine the structure and coordination geometry of the tin moiety carboxylates. Molar ratio of the reactants, polarity of solvent, temperature of refluxing etc. will contribute to the effects of coordination number and binding mode of the ligand to the tin atom which will be investigated.

Brutus is the Tragic Hero in Shakespeares Julius Caesar Essay

The tragedy â€Å"Julius Caesar† by William Shakespeare should be renamed â€Å"Brutus† because Caesar is not the tragic hero. He is only in a small portion of the play and does not possess a major tragic flaw; however Marcus Brutus fits the description of tragic hero much better than Julius Caesar. Typically, tragedies are named after the tragic hero, which Aristotle describes as: a person of noble birth with a tragic flaw that leads to his or her downfall because of that flaw. Brutus exhibits all of these qualities, therefore rightfully naming him a tragic hero. Brutus was a man of noble birth. He had multiple servants and was often referred to as â€Å"Lord†, which indicates a certain level of respect for him. He was a very highly thought of person in Rome. At no point did he ever betray anyone, although he did kill Caesar, he did it to better Rome, not to mislead him. Everything he did was for the advantage of someone else. Even after Brutus dies, Marc Antony says â€Å"This was the noblest roman of them all; all the conspirators, save only he, did that they did in the envy of Caesar; he only in a general honest thought and common good to all...† This shows that regardless of brutus killing Caesar, he is still considered noble because he had good intentions. Brutus was also the best friend of Julius Caesar, the most powerful man in Rome. Had he been a commoner, Caesar most likely would not have associated with him or trusted him as a friend. Brutus’s tragic flaw is that he is very easily manipulated and persuaded. He is very naà ¯ve and allows others to swindle him because he feels that no one would ever lie or deceive him since he didn’t do that to anyone. His first mistake is believing the forged letters from the conspirators. This was all ... ... too late to do anything about it. So, he kills himself. He did this because he realized what he had done and felt he needed to take accountability. Before he died, he says â€Å"Caesar, now be still, I killed not thee with half so good a will.† He is now realizing that he really didn’t have as good a reason as he thought to kill Caesar. In conclusion, Brutus is the real tragic hero because throughout the play he is battling himself over good vs. evil. Even though he has tragic flaws he is still seen as a noble and respected figure in Rome both by those who wanted Caesar dead and those who did not. His ability to be easily manipulated led to the death of Caesar, himself, and countless others. If he had made his own decisions, he would not have ended up causing the chaos and tragedy he did. But, on the other hand he did have his own personal reasons for killing Caesar.

Katherine Mansfield Essay

How is the link between Mansfield’s personal views and experiences and the characters in her short stories reflected in her writing style? Today I will be talking about the similarities between Katherine Mansfield’s personal views, experiences and short stories. The portrayal of characters and their interactions in her short stories mirror many of her own relationships and experiences. I will be explaining how these parallels are reflected in the style of writing Mansfield uses. Although the stories were not completely identical to her real life experiences they were based on them and were strongly linked in the underlying themes. â€Å"At The Bay† is a brief insight into the relationship of Mr and Mrs Kember, focusing more so on Mrs Kember. Mansfield’s rebellious attitude is seen in her character development of Mrs Kember as an exaggerated, more unrefined version of herself. The character is described by other women as being â€Å"very fast† and she â€Å"treated men as though she were one of them† creating the impression that she does not behave like a conventional woman was expected to in those days. She uses negatively connoted language to demonstrate the disapproval of the other women towards Mrs Kember which could symbolize how Mansfield disappointed her mother and eventually became estranged from her. Her unconventional behaviour is reflected in her use of contrasting imagery when she draws comparisons between Mrs Kember and the other women of the bay, such as Beryl. This contrasting imagery is portrayed through the women’s clothing and mannerisms. Beryl â€Å"steps out of her skirt and shed her jersey, and stood up in her short white petticoat, and her camisole with ribbon bows on the shoulders† whereas Mrs Kember â€Å"rose, yawned, unsnapped her belt buckle, and tugged at the tape of her blouse.† The way in which Beryl undresses shows she is graceful and proper while the image of ribbon bows gives alludes to her femininity. The way Mrs Kember undresses is brash and her clothing is much plainer; the unsnapping of her belt and tugging of her blouse is related to manly gesture. The juxtaposition of the characters, Mrs Kember and Beryl, acts as a metaphor of her own incongruence to society’s norms and expectations of what it is to be a woman. During Mansfield’s life, she had her fair share of relationships and sexual partners. She had two lesbian relationships which were famous for their significant presence in her journal entries and stories however she also continued to have male lovers. Her bisexuality is explored in the stories â€Å"At the Bay† and â€Å"Bliss† perhaps using her characters as mouthpieces for her own feelings towards women or her intimate experiences with them. Like in her real life, both the characters she portrays as being attracted to women, already have men in their lives and believe themselves to be heterosexual despite their apparent feelings for other women. In â€Å"At the Bay† she uses dialogue between Mrs Kember and Beryl to establish a sensual under tone and express Mrs Kember’s attraction to Beryl. Remarks such as â€Å"what a little beauty you are† and â€Å"it’s a sin for you to wear clothes, my dear† coupled with Mrs Kember touching Beryl’s waist could be interpreted as flirtatious especially when combined with Mrs Kember’s masculine nature. It also felt as if Mrs Kember was corrupting innocent, naà ¯ve Beryl and yet Beryl seemed to welcome it. She â€Å"felt that she was being poisoned by this cold woman but she longed to hear it† which reinforces the impression of forbidden feelings and sexual tension between the women. â€Å"Bliss† is about a woman Bertha Young who is attracted to a female friend, Pearl Fulton. She has everything she could ask for, a husband, a baby and a beautiful home. She is overwhelmed with joy at the thought of her wonderful life but this takes a turn for the worst when it is revealed that her husband is having an affair with Pearl. Bertha’s state of mind is established within the first paragraph of the story; she is â€Å"overcome, suddenly, by a feeling of bliss-absolute bliss!† and feels like she has â€Å"swallowed a bright piece of that late afternoon sun†. The fragmented sentences used by Mansfield reveal the erratic behaviour of not only the character Bertha but of her as well. Through the repetition of words like â€Å"†¦deeply, deeply† and â€Å"..passionately, passionately† to describe even the most ordinary action of breathing Mansfield’s impulsive behaviour and passionate outlook on life is shown. Again Mansfield shows her dislike for conformity through the phrase of â€Å"oh, is there no way you can express it without being drunk and disorderly? How idiotic civilisation is! â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† is centred on Frau Brechenmacher who is a mother of five and the wife of a postman. The story is written in third person omniscient, focusing on Frau, and Mansfield uses the omniscient narrator to comment on her dislike for the patriarchal society in which she lived. She uses Herr Brechenmacher as an example of a typical man and by using short, abrupt sentences to express himself she shows the demanding, controlling nature of men. His dialogue mostly consisted of orders and claims like â€Å"Here, come and fasten this buckle† and â€Å"No. I’ll get my feet damp-you hurry!† She also likens men to animals through her vivid description of him â€Å"gesticulating wildly† with â€Å"saliva spluttering out of his mouth† when h e is drunk. The carnal imagery underpins her views that society’s expectation of gender roles was quite primitive. Furthermore she depicts Frau Brechenmacher as a victim at the mercy of her husband. Her repeated use of the words â€Å"her man† alludes to Herr Brechenmacher being her master which reflects Mansfield’s perception that society believed a woman, was like property and belonged to a man. The first image Mansfield introduces at the beginning of her story is that of the character Frau Brechenmacher carrying out the stereotypical duties of a women in the home; putting her children to sleep, polishing buttons and ironing her husband’s clothes. She also shows her daughter helping and learning from her. Mansfield uses the interaction between Frau Brechenmacher and her daughter to show how engrained the idea women are bred for domestic life is. It is a continuous cycle and that notion is passed on from generation to generation. The bride in the story is wearing a â€Å"white dress trimmed with stripes and bows of coloured ribbon, giving her the appearance of an iced cake all ready to be cut and served in neat little pieces to the bridegroom beside her†. The description Mansfield uses to equate the bride to cake that is to be served to the bridegroom is delivered with an air of disdain. She shows signs of pitying the bride. It also illustrates the purpose of women as objects of pleasure. The link between the cake and bride is indicative of Mansfield’s interpretation of marriage; a woman is consumed by her husband and loses her sense of self. Overall the tone in many of her stories is sombre, with very brief moments of joy mimicking the ups and down’s of Mansfield’s life as well as her feelings of being constrained by society. There are also strong themes of restlessness between the person she is and the person she portrays to the world. This is exhibited in her writing style through the differences between how the dialogue presents a character and how the omniscient narrator presents them. The endings to her story always appear incomplete as if there is unfinished business that the character has left to resolve much like Mansfield’s own experiences where she unresolved feelings for her lovers. The lack of closure in the endings leaves the audience with a sense of yearning and dissatisfaction. In parts of her stories where the mood is depressing her pace of her writing is quite slow with lengthy sentence structures. In parts that are positive and optimistic her pace of writing switches between succinct, bursts of bubbly language and sentence structure to ornately descriptive verses reflecting the sense of fulfilment and ecstasy. After analysing Mansfield’s writing style I have come to the conclusion that her use of imagery, sentence structure and use of narration are her most utilised devices. Her ability to develop her characters and relationships between characters so in depth, so quickly is a credit to her writing abilities and the way her personal experiences and views are communicated through her writing strengthens her connection with the audience.